Enslavement in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

To be sold,
THE Life-time of a healthy Mulatto female Slave, about 21 years of age, calculated for doing any kind of Farming or House-work, and is sober and industrious.
For terms apply to the Printer. June 8.

Lancaster Intelligencer and Journal, 11 August, 1798.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

From August 1798. Text of Ad:

Wanted to purchase,
A GOOD, active and industrious NEGRO GIRL or WOMAN.
Enquire at this office.

Notes: An anonymously placed advertisement from eighteen years after the Gradual Abolition Act of 1780. The buyer is seeking an enslaved girl or woman. While eighteenth century laws recognized a free married female as a legal adult, or woman, at age twenty-one, the terms "girl" and "woman" were not clearly defined for persons in the lowest servant classes. An enslaved "girl" might be as young as a pre-teen or as old as a female in her middle twenties, while the term "woman" probably indicated a female twenty-one years of age and older.

An enslaved female of about 18 years old or younger in August 1798 would probably be a "term slave" or a person enslaved until age 28. An enslaved female aged 19 and older was more likely to be a slave "for life," per the Gradual Abolition Act. As the holding of enslaved persons was becoming less socially acceptable by this time in Lancaster County, it is not surprising that the buyer preferred to remain anonymous by having sellers contact them by going through the newspaper printer.

WANTED TO PURCHASE.
THE time of a Negro Woman. She must be sober, honest, industrious, and understand something of Cookery.
ENQUIRE OF THE PRINTER.

TO BE SOLD, THE time of a Negro Man, who is about 40 years of age, strong and active, understands every kind of plantation work, and very good Shoemaker. He will be sold for four years. For terms apply to the Printer.

FOR SALE.
THE time of a strong and healthy Negro Girl. She has about 14 years to serve. For particulars enquire of the Printer.

For Sale
A HEALTHY strong black woman, about sixteen or seventeen years of age and has about 11 or 12 years to serve. Having been bred in the country, she can do all kinds of work usual on a plantation. For terms enquire of the printer.
January 9, 1802.

To be sold,
THE time of a Mulatto Girl and a Boy about nine months old. The girl is strong and healthy, has ten years to serve, can do all sorts of kitchen work and wait on table.
Any person willing to purchase, will please to enquire of the printer.
August 29.

Lancaster Intelligencer, 5 February, 1803; page 4.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

From January 1803. Text of Ad:

FOR SALE,
A negro woman, a slave, 29 years of age, she is a good cook, and can do all kind of house work. She will be sold as a slave, or otherwise as will be most agreeable to the purchaser. For further information apply to the editor of the Lancaster Journal.
January 1.

Notes: The woman in this ad would have been born about 1774, six years prior to passage of the Gradual Abolition law. The slaveholder, who remains anonymous by having the purchaser work through the editor, affects a humanitarian air by noting she may be "sold as a slave, or otherwise."

Lancaster Intelligencer, 5 February, 1803; page 4.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Also from January 1803, this ad appeared on the same page as the one above. Text of ad:

FOR SALE,
A BLACK woman, recorded according to law. She is young & healthy, and good at any kind of house-work. For further particulars enquire of the printer.
January 8, 1803.

Notes: The woman in this ad is likely a slave for life. "Recorded according to law" indicates this or a previous slaveholder made a return to the county clerk as stipulated by the Gradual Abolition law of 1780. Had she not been so "recorded," her enslavement would not have been recognized by law and it would have been illegal to attempt to sell her.

Lancaster Intelligencer, 3 March, 1803; page 4.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

From March 1803. Text of ad:

A Negro Girl,
About 17 years of age, is offered for Sale.
SHE has 11 years to serve, and is healthy, active, and well acquainted with all kinds of House-work.
Apply to the Printer. Jan 11.

Notes: The teenaged girl in this ad was born about 1786 and is therefore enslaved to age 28. The inked "x" and "5" over the ad were likely from the printer, added to a print shop copy to plan the next edition.

TO BE SOLD,
THE time of a stout, healthy and active MULATTO BOY, between 16 and 17 years of age, and who has from 11 to 12 years to serve. Enquire of the printer.

NEGRO GIRL.
FOR sale the time of a healthy negro girl (full grown) who has 13 years to serve. Enquire of the printer.
February 22, 1811.

Lancaster Journal, 29 April, 1813; page 4.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

An ad from April 1813. Text of ad:

For Sale,
THE time of a yellow boy, named Vachel Brown, who has seven years to serve. He is an excellent waiter and hostler, and well disposed. For terms apply to Robert King, Esq. the Printer hereof, or to the subscriber.
ROBERT ELLIOTT.
April 22.

Notes: Unlike many ads of this period, the slaveholder, Robert Elliott, identifies himself. In addition, we know the name of this enslaved young man, Vachel Brown, although we don't know exactly how old he is. The description "yellow boy" indicates a light-skinned male, probably less than twenty-one years of age. The duties of waiter and hostler suggest the current slaveholder is either the owner of a large estate, or possibly the owner of an inn or hotel. The character description "well disposed" is code for a compliant personality.

FOR SALE,
The unexpired time of a Mulatto Man Servant, who is near 22 years of age and has upwards of six years to serve. He is strong and healthy and capable of any kind of work on a farm, taking care of horses or doing the duties of a house servant, to which he has been occasionally accustomed. Enquire of the Printer.

The time of a Mulatto Man who has six years to serve. For terms apply to Mr. Dickson.
August 6.

Lancaster Journal Extra, 16 September, 1814; page 5.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Text of ad:

For Sale,
A Stout healthy Negro Girl, who has eight years to serve. For terms inquire of the Printer.
July 29.

Notes: The "girl" in this July 1814 ad may be as old as twenty, although we don't know since her current age is not stated. The terms "stout" and "healthy" refer to her ability to handle heavy house or farm work.

Lancaster Journal, 3 March, 1815; page 4.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

From February 1815. Text of ad:

For Sale.
The time of a Negro Boy, who has about ten years to serve. For further particulars enquire of the Printer.
February 24.

Notes: Like the ad above, very brief and to the point. The wording is of interest. Offering for sale "The time of" this enslaved person was no different from simply offering to sell the person, who, like all born to an enslaved Black mother after March 1780, was enslaved for a term of years instead of for life.

FOR SALE.
A Mulatto man servant, that has about 5 years to serve. He is an excellent hostler and understands all kinds of farmers work. -- Enquire of the printer.

TO BE SOLD,
The time of a Mulatto Boy,
WHO has about 9 months to serve. Is believed to be faithful and honest -- not very active, but can be very useful in any family where he can be kept in regular employ -- particularly in a kitchen, and as a drudge about the house or stable. Enquire of the Printer.
January 17.

Lancaster Journal, 19 December, 1817; page 1.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

From December 1817, this ad ran at least through early January 1818. Text of ad:

For Sale.
The subscriber offers for sale a
Black Boy,
who has sixteen years to serve. Also an excellent
Black Woman,
who is a complete house servant, and who has eleven years to serve -- and her two children, one a boy three years old, and a girl six months old, both to serve until twenty eight -- and to be sold with the mother.
WM. C. FRAZER.
December 17

Notes: Lawyer William Clark Frazer, 1776-1836, studied law in Lancaster and in 1836 was appointed to the Wisconsin Territorial Supreme Court. He was born in New Castle, Delaware, where he established his first law office, and on April 22, 1813 advertised that he "has commenced the practice of LAW in the borough of Lancaster, and now resides in the house lately occupied by William Jenkins, Esq. North Queen street, opposite Mr. George Weaver's tavern." (Lancaster Journal, 29 April 1813, page 4)

He apparently enslaved numerous people, as in addition to the four in this advertisement, in February 1818 offered two teenaged "Negro Boys," one of which might be the same young man mentioned first in this ad. (See that listing, here)

The woman and her two young children are all term slaves. The difference in their remaining years of enslavement clearly illustrates the impractical and inhumane aspect of the law. When the woman's term of enslavement ends and she legally becomes free, her children will still be enslaved for fourteen and seventeen years respectively. At that point she would either have to leave her children or, to stay with them, be forced to continue living in her enslaver's household even though free.

Lancaster Journal, 25 May, 1818; page 1.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

From May 1818. Text of ad:

For Sale,
The time of a Negro Girl & Child.
The Girl is between eighteen and nineteen years of age and has upwards of nine years to serve; she can be recommended as a good worker and an honest woman, an is offered for sale for no other cause than her having a Child

Any person inclined to purchase, may have them on very reasonable terms, by an early application to the Printer. May 18

Notes: This ad is for a teenaged girl, born about the year 1799 or 1800 and enslaved to age 28. The enslaver, who maintains anonymity by having potential purchasers go through the printer, no longer wants her because she now has a child to take up part of her time as opposed to devoting all of her time to her usual chores and duties. Note that the ad states "time of a Negro Girl & Child," indicating that the child has inherited the enslaved status of its mother, which is in direct conflict with the intent of the Gradual Abolition Law because it preserves the cycle of enslavement that the law was written to dismantle.

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