AN ADDRESS
ON NON-RESISTANCE TO OFFENSIVE AGGRESSION.
By William Whipper, of Columbia, Pa.
We publish this address
with pleasure, hoping our readers will make the most of all the
principles and arguments presented in favor
of universal "Peace." But we honestly confess that we have yet to
learn what virtue there would be in using moral weapons, in defence
against a kidnapper or a midnight incendiary with a lighted torch
in his hand. - Ed. Col. American.
Resolved, That the practice of non-resistance to physical aggression,
is not only consistent with reason, but the surest method of obtaining
a speedy triumph of the principles of universal peace.
Mr. President,
The above resolution presupposes, that if there were no God, to guide,
and govern, the destinies of man on this planet, no Bible to
light his path through
the wilds of sin, darkness and error, and no religion to give him a glorious,
and lasting consolation, while traversing the gloomy vale of despondency,
and to light up his soul anew, with fresh influence, from the fountain of
Divine grace, - that mankind might enjoy an exalted state of civilization,
peace, and quietude, in their social, civil, and international relations,
far beyond that which christians now enjoy, who profess to be guided, guarded
and protected by the great Author of all good, and the doctrines of the Prince
of Peace. But, sir, while I am assuming the position, that the cause of peace
amongst mankind, may be promoted without the scriptures, I would not, for
a single moment, sanction the often made assertion, that the doctrines of
the holy scriptures justify war - for they are in my humble opinion its greatest
enemy. And I further believe, that as soon as they become fully understood,
and practically adopted, wars, and strife will cease. I believe that every
argument urged in favor of what is termed a "just and necessary war," or
physical self-defence, is at enmity with the letter, and spirit of the scriptures,
and when they emanate from its professed advocates should be repudiated,
as inimical to the principles they profess, and a reproach to christianity
itself. I have said this much in favor of the influence of the scriptures,
on the subject of peace. It is neither my intention, nor my province, under
the present resolution, to give proofs for my belief by quotations from holy
writ. That portion of the discussion, I shall leave to the minister to the
altar, and the learned and biblical theologian. Though I may make a few incidental
quotations hereafter, I shall now pass on for a few brief moments to the
resolution under consideration, viz.:
The resolution asserts, that the practice of non-resistance to physical aggression
is consistent with reason. A very distinguished man asserts, "that reason is
that distinguishing characteristic that separates man from the brute creation," and
that this power was bestowed upon him by his Maker, that he might be capable
of subduing all subordinate intelligences to his will." It is this power when
exerted in its full force, that enables him to conquer the animals of the forest,
and which makes him lord of creation. There is a right, and a wrong method
of reasoning. The latter is governed by our animal impulses, and wicked desires,
without regard to the end to be attained. The former fixes its premises, in
great fundamental, and unalterable truths - surveys the magnitude of the objects,
and the difficulties to be surmounted, and calls to its aid the resources of
enlightened wisdom, as a landmark by which to conduct its operations.
It is self-evident, that
when the greatest difficulties surround us, we should summon our
noblest powers. "Man is a being formed for action
as well as contemplation;" "For this purpose there are interwoven in
his constitution, powers, instincts, feelings and affections, which
have a reference to his improvement in virtue, and which excite him
to promote the happiness of others." When we behold them by their noble
sentiments, exhibiting sublime virtues and performing illustrious actions,
we ascribe the same to the goodness of their hearts, their great reasoning
powers and intellectual abilities. For were it not for these high human
endowments we should never behold men in seasons of calamity, displaying
tranquility and fortitude in the midst of difficulties and dangers,
enduring poverty and distress with a noble heroism, suffering injuries
and affronts with patience and serenity - stifling resentment when
they have it in their power to inflict vengeance - displaying kindness
and generosity towards enemies and slanderers - submitting to pain
and disgrace in order to promote the prosperity of their friends and
relatives, or the great interests of the human race. Such acts may
be considered by persons of influence and rank as the offspring of
pusillanimity, because they themselves are either incapable of conceiving
the purity of the motives from which they emanate, or are too deeply
engulfed in the ruder passions of our nature, to allow them to bestow
a just tribute to the efforts of enlightened reason.
It is happy for us to contemplate,
that every age, both of the pagan and the christian world, has been
blessed, that they always have fastened
their attention on the noblest gifts of our nature, and that they now
still shine as ornaments to the human race, connecting the interests
of one generation with that of another. Rollin, in speaking of Aristides
and Just, says "that an extraordinary greatness of souls made him superior
to every passion. Interest, pleasure, ambition, resentment and judgment,
were extinguished in him by the love of virtue and his country," and
just in proportion as we cultivate our intellectual faculties, we shall
strengthen our reasoning powers, and be prepared to become his imitators.
Our country and the world have become the munificent patron of many
powerful, existing evils, that have spread their devastating influence
over the best interests of the human race. One of which is the adopting
of the savage custom of wars, and fighting as a redress of grievances,
instead of some means more consistent with reason and civilization.
The great law of love forbids our doing aught against the interests
of our fellow men. It is altogether inconsistent with reason and common
sense, for persons when they deem themselves insulted, by the vulgar
aspersions of others, to maltreat their bodies for the acts of their
minds. Yet how frequently do we observe those that are blest by nature
and education, (and if they would but aspire to acts that bear a parallel
to their dignified minds, they would shine as illustrious stars, in
the created throngs,) that degrade themselves by practising this barbarous
custom, suited only to tyrants - because in this they may be justly
ranked with the untutored savages of the animals of the forest, that
are impelled only by instinct.
Another fatal error arises
from the belief that the only method of maintaining peace, is always
to be ready for war. The spirit of war
can never be destroyed by all the butcheries and persecutions the human
mind can invent. The history of all the "bloody tragedies," by which
the earth has been drenched by human blood, cannot be justified in
the conclusion, for it is the spirit of conquest that feeds it - Thomas
Dick, after collecting the general statistics of those that have perished
by the all desolating pestilence of war, says "it will not be overrating
the destruction of human life, if we affirm, that one tenth of the
human race has been destroyed by the ravages of war," - and if this
estimate be admitted, it will follow that more than fourteen thousand
millions of beings have been slaughtered in war since the beginning
of the world, which is about eighteen times the number of its present
inhabitants. This calculation proceeds from a geographical estimate, "that
since the Mosaic creation one hundred and forty-five thousand millions
of being have existed."
But, sir, it is not my intention
to give a dissertation, on the subject of national wars, although
it appropriately belongs to my subject.
I decline it only for the simple reason, that it would be inapplicable
to us as a people, while we may be more profitably employed in inveighing
against the same evil as practised by ourselves, although it exists
under another form, but equally obnoxious to the principles of reason
and christianity. My reason for referring to national wars, was to
exhibit by plain demonstration, that the war principle, which is the
production of human passions, has never been, nor can ever be, conquered
by its own elements. - Hence, if we ever expect the word of prophecy
to be fulfilled - "when the swords shall be turned into plough-shares,
and the spears into pruning-hooks, and that the nations of the earth
shall learn war no more," we must seek the destruction of the principle
that animates, quickens, and feeds it, by the elevation of another
more powerful, and omnipotent, and preservative; or mankind will continue,
age after age, to march on in their made career, until the mighty current
of time will doubtless sweep thousands of millions more into endless
perdition, beyond the reach of mercy, and the hope of future bliss.
Thus the very bones, sinews, muscles, and immortal mind, that God,
in his infinite mercy has bestowed on man, that he might work out his
own glory, and extend the principles of "Righteousness, justice, peace
on earth, and good-will to their fellow men," are constantly employed
in protracting the period when the glorious millennium shall illumine
our world, "and righteousness cover the earth as the water of the great
deep."
The love of power is one of the greatest of human infirmities, and
with it comes the usurping influence of despotism, the mother of slavery.
Show me any country or people where despotism reigns triumphant, and
I will exhibit to your view the spirit of slavery, whether the same
be incorporated into their government or not. It is this principle
of despotism, (which is nothing but an exercise of the corrupt passions,)
that sends forth its poignant influence over professedly civilized
nations, as well as the more barbarous tribes. It is alike in its effects
on human interests, whether it emanates form the Czar of Russia, the
mild influence of Great Britain, the hot spurs of the South, or the
genial clime of Pennsylvania - from the white, the red or the black
man - whether he be of European or African descent, or the native Indian
that resides in the wilds of the West. The combined action of all these
are at war with the principles of peace and the liberty of the world,
and retard the period when righteousness shall cover the earth like
the waters of the great deep. How different is the exercise of this
love of power, when exercised by men or enforced by human governments,
to the exercise of Him who holds all power over the heavens, earth
and seas, and all that in them is. With God all is order, with man
all confusion. The planets perform their annual rotations, the tides
ebb and flow, the seas obey his command, the whole government of universal
worlds is sustained by his wisdom and power, each unvaryingly performing
the course marked out by their great Author, because they are impelled
by his love. But with man, government are impelled by the law of force:
hence despotism becomes an ingredient in all human governments.
The power of reason is the noblest gift of heaven to man, because
it assimilates man to his Maker, and were he to improve his mind by
cultivating his reasoning powers, his acts of life would bear the impress
of the Deity, indelibly stamped upon them. Governments would be mild
in their operation, and the principles of universal peace would govern
every heart, and be implanted in every mind. Wars, fighting and strifes
would cease; there would be a signal triumph of truth over error; the
principles of peace, justice, righteousness, and universal love would
guide and direct mankind onward in that sublime path marked out by
the great Prince of Peace. The period is fast approaching when the
church, as at present constituted, must undergo one of the severest
contests she has met with since her foundation, because in so many
cases she has refused to sustain her own principles. The moral warfare
that is now commenced will not cease if the issue should be a dissolution
of both church and state. The time has already come when those believe
that intemperance, slavery, war and fighting is sinful, and it will
soon arrive when those who practice either their rights to enjoy christian
fellowship will be questioned.
And now, Mr. President,
I shall give a few practical illustrations, and then I shall have
done. It appears by history that there have been
many faithful advocates of peace since the apostolic age, but none
have ever given a more powerful impetus to the cause of peace, than
the modern abolitionists. They have been beaten and stoned, mobbed
and persecuted from city to city, and never returned evil for evil,
but submissively, as a sheep brought before the shearer have they endured
scoffings and scourges for the cause's sake, while they prayed for
their prosecutors. And how miraculously they have been preserved in
the midst of a thousand dangers from without and within. Up to the
present moment not the life of a single individual has been sacrificed
on the altar of popular fury. Had they have set out in this glorious
undertaking of freeing 2,500,000 human beings, with the war-cry of "liberty
or death," they would have been long since demolished, or a civil war
would have ensued; thus would have dyed the national soil with human
blood. And now let me ask you, was not their method of attacking the
system of human slavery the most reasonable? And would not their policy
have been correct, even if we were to lay aside their christian motives?
Their weapons were reason and moral truth, and on them they desired
to stand or fall - and so it will be in all causes that are sustained
from just and christian principles, they will ultimately triumph. Now
let us suppose for a single moment what would have been our case, if
they had started on the principle, that "resistance to tyrants is obedience
to God?" - what would have been our condition, together with that of
the slave population? Why, we should have doubtless perished by the
sword, or been praying for the destruction of our enemies, and probably
engaged in the same bloody warfare.
And now we are indebted
to the modern abolitionists more than to any other class of men for
the instructions we have received from the dissemination
of their principles, or we would not at this moment be associated here
to advocate the cause of moral reform - of temperance, education, peace
and universal liberty. Therefore let us, like them, obliterate from
our minds the idea of revenge, and from our hearts all wicked intentions
towards each other and the world, and we shall be able through the
blessing of Almighty God, to so much to establish the principles of
universal peace. Let us not think the world has no regard for our efforts
- they are looking forward to them with intense interest and anxiety.
The enemies of the abolitionists are exhibiting a regard for the power
of their principles that they are unwilling to acknowledge, although
it is every where known over the country, that abolitionists "will
not fight," yet they distrust their own strength so much, that they
frequently muster a whole neighborhood of from 50 to 300 men, with
sticks, stones, rotten eggs and bowie knives, to mob and beat a single
individual probably in his "teens," whose heart's law is non-resistance.
There is another way in which they do us honor - they admit the right
of all people to fight for their liberty, but colored people and abolitionists
- plainly inferring that they are too good for the performance of such
unchristian acts - and lastly, while we endeavor to control our own
passions and keep them in subjection, let us be mindful of the weakness
of others; and for acts of wickedness of others; and for acts of wickedness
committed against us, let us reciprocate in the spirit of kindness.
If they continue their injustice towards us, let us always decide that
their reasoning powers are defective, and that it is with men as the
laws of mechanics - large bodies move slowly, while smaller ones are
easily propelled with swift velocity. In every case of passion that
presents itself, the subject is one of pity rather than derision, and
in his cooler moments let us earnestly advise him to improve his understanding,
by cultivating his intellectual powers, and thus exhibit his close
alliance with God, who is the author of all wisdom, peace, justice,
righteousness and truth. And in conclusion, let it always be our aim
to live in a spirit of unity with each other, supporting one common
cause, by spreading our influence for the good of mankind, with the
hope that the period will ultimately arrive when the principles of
universal peace will triumph throughout the world.